or do they need to be a partnership?
Unless a business meets the requirements listed below to be a qualified joint venture, a sole proprietorship must be solely owned by one spouse, and the other spouse can work in the business as an employee. A business jointly owned and operated by a married couple is a partnership (and should file Form 1065, U.S. Return of Partnership Income) unless the spouses qualify and elect to have the business be treated as a qualified joint venture, or they operate their business in one of the nine community property states.
A married couple who jointly own and operate a trade or business may choose for each spouse to be treated as a sole proprietor by electing to file as a qualified joint venture. Requirements for a qualified joint venture:
- The only members in the joint venture are a married couple who file a joint tax return,
- The spouses own and operate the trade or business as co-owners (and not in the name of a state law entity such as an LLC or LLP),
- Both spouses materially participate in the trade or business, or maintain a farm as a rental business without materially participating (for self-employment tax purposes) in the operation or management of the farm, and
- Both spouses must elect qualified joint venture status on Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return or Form 1040-SR, U.S. Tax Return for Seniors (PDF) by dividing the items of income, gain, loss, deduction, credit, and expenses in accordance with their respective interests in such venture. Each spouse files with the Form 1040 or Form 1040-SR a separate Schedule C (Form 1040 or 1040-SR), Profit or Loss From Business (Sole Proprietorship), Schedule F (Form 1040 or 1040-SR), Profit or Loss From Farming, or Form 4835, Farm Rental Income and Expenses, accordingly, and if required, a separate Schedule SE (Form 1040 or 1040-SR), Self-Employment Tax to pay self-employment tax.
Married couple businesses in community property states may sometimes qualify to be treated similarly to a sole proprietorship.
